Metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de los mitos de violación / Meta-analysis of reliability generalization of the rape myths

Resumen Los mitos de violación son actitudes y creencias generalmente falsas, amplias y persistentes, acerca de la violación, la víctima y el agresor, que son utilizadas para negar o justificar la agresión sexual hacia las mujeres. En las últimas dos décadas, los instrumentos más utilizados para medir este constructo corresponden a la escala de aceptación de mitos de violación de Illinois (IRMAS), que utiliza expresiones directas y explícitas mediante un lenguaje clásico, y la escala de aceptación de mitos modernos de agresión sexual (AMMSA) que usa un lenguaje sutil, indirecto y moderno. Se realizó un metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de 69 estudios empíricos que utilizaron alguna de las dos escalas de mitos de violación. El objetivo fue estimar la fiabilidad media de las puntuaciones combinadas de las escalas IRMAS y AMMSA para obtener un valor aproximado de su fiabilidad general y evaluar el posible efecto moderador de algunas variables de interés. El promedio de la fiabilidad por consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de las escalas para las 98 muestras estudiadas fue de .85, IC95 % [.84, .86]. Se observó una alta heterogeneidad (I. = 96 %), y el número de ítems es la única variable moderadora que explica significativamente la variabilidad de la fiabilidad observada. Estos resultados muestran que ambas escalas presentan índices de consistencia interna aceptables en sus diversas aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, las medidas de aceptación de mitos de violación cumplen con los criterios de fiabilidad adecuados para ser utilizadas en investigaciones empíricas en distintos contextos.

Abstract Rape myths are widespread and persistent attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes, usually false, about rape, the victim, and the perpetrator. Their function is to deny and justify sexual assaults against women, affecting the victim's attributions of responsibility and the perpetrator's attributions of guilt in rape cases. These myths exert a bias in the processing of information, directing attention and perception toward stimuli that justify the victim's responsibility for sexual aggression. These beliefs can be grouped into several types of myths: Myths that hold the victim responsible by arguing that women should be careful and not expose themselves to avoid sexual aggression, myths that justify and reduce the responsibility of the aggressor by stating that the man could not contain his sexual desire and those myths that deny or normalize sexual aggression, which propose that rape occurs only in very specific contexts. In the last two decades, the instruments most commonly used to measure these beliefs are The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), which uses direct and explicit expressions through classic language, and the Modern Sexual Assault Myth Acceptance Scale (AMMSA), where its expressions are modern, subtle and indirect. Considering the wide use of these instruments, it is justified to provide empirical evidence showing information on the psychometric properties of these scales. One of the procedures for synthesizing empirical results is meta-analyses (MA). This methodology can synthesize studies of specific variables and analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, providing relevant information on the quality of a given scale. Within this last type of RM are reliability generalizations (RG), those that study the reliability coefficients obtained in different applications of a scale, providing evidence on the properties of the measures used in measuring a construct. A meta-analysis of the RGs of 69 empirical studies that used any of the rape myth scales was performed. The objective was to estimate the mean reliability of the combined scores of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales to obtain an approximate value of their overall reliability and to assess the possible moderating effect of some variables of interest (e.g., research design, culture, sample type, etc.). The mean internal consistency reliability of the scale scores for the 98 samples studied was .85, 95 % C.I. [.84, .86] and the mean coefficient for each of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales was .84 and .85 respectively. All these values are above .80, a value established as satisfactory reliability of the instrument for general research. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported by the studies ranged from .71 to .98, with values considered moderate to excellent. These results show that both scales present acceptable internal consistency indices in various applications. There is high heterogeneity (I. = 96 %), with the number of items being the only moderating variable significantly explaining the observed reliability variability. This result was to be expected, given that the effect of test length on the estimation of reliability indices has a long tradition and is widely known in the psychometric literature.

Experiência de relação sexual forçada entre estudantes de graduação: fatores associados e possíveis consequências / The experience of forced sexual intercourse among undergraduate students: associated factors and possible consequences

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a prevalência de relação sexual forçada na vida e suas possíveis consequências na saúde mental e sexual em acadêmicos de cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública no Brasil. Estudo transversal quantitativo com 996 estudantes de graduação. A amostragem realizada de forma sistemática por conglomerados. Foi usado o modelo de Regressão de Poisson, e foram calculadas as frações etiológicas das consequências de relação sexual forçada. A prevalência de relação sexual forçada ao longo da vida foi de 12,1%. Sexo feminino, orientação sexual não heterossexual, primeira relação sexual antes de 14 anos de idade, insegurança alimentar e violência no contexto doméstico na infância foram associados à maior prevalência do desfecho. Indivíduos que sofreram relação sexual forçada foram mais propensos a apresentar diagnóstico de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e de ter risco de suicídio. O estudo evidenciou a problemática da violência sexual no contexto universitário.

Abstract The scope of this article is to investigate the prevalence of the experience of forced sexual intercourse on life and its possible consequences on mental and sexual health among undergraduate students at a public university in Brazil. It is a quantitative cross-sectional study with 996 undergraduate students. Sampling was carried out systematically by single-stage clusters. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Poisson Regression model, and the etiological fractions of the consequences of forced sexual intercourse were calculated. The lifetime prevalence of forced sexual intercourse was 12.1%. Female sex, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, first sexual intercourse before the age of 14, child food insecurity and domestic violence were associated with a higher prevalence of the outcome. Individuals who experienced forced sexual intercourse were more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections and to represent a potential suicide risk. The study revealed the problems of sexual violence in the university context.

Girls victims of sexual aggression in Baixada Fluminense

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the current situation of sexual aggression and assess the adhesion to ambulatory care follow-up. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving female children and adolescents aged 0-19 years, treated at the Center for Multiprofessional Care of Sexual Violence of the General Hospital of Nova Iguaçu, from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: Of the 453 children and adolescents, 264 (58.3%) were <14 years of age and 189 (41.7%) were 14-19 years of age. In both groups, 78% were black. School delay of >2 years was found in 15.6% of children in the age group <14 years and 40.5% of adolescents in the age group 14-19 years [p<0.001; OR=3.7 (2.1-65)]. In girls aged £13 years, abuse usually occurred at home (73.2%), which was perpetrated by one aggressor (91%) and known to the victim (91.2%). In adolescents aged ≥14 years, 84.1% of rapes occurred outside the home, practiced by one aggressor (74.8%), 57.8% were unknown, and in 91.2% of cases, there was use of physical force and/or verbal threats. The victims aged <14 years have 14 times more chance of experiencing aggression within the family setting [p<0.001; OR=14.3 (8.2-25.6)] and 16 times more chance of experiencing aggression from known persons [p<0.001; OR=16.2 (9.2-29.8)]. On the contrary, adolescents aged ≥14 years have three times more chance of being abused by more than one aggressor [p<0.001; OR=3.3 (1.8-6.1)]. CONCLUSION: Black girls, especially those aged <14 years, are in a situation of greater vulnerability for sexual violence, have less adhesion to follow-up, and often experience aggression in the household setting.

Adolescent Female Victims of Sexual Violence: Analysis of Loss of Follow-up after Emergency Care and Outpatient Follow-up / Meninas adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual: Análise da falta de atendimento de emergência e seguimento ambulatorial

Abstract Objective To assess the loss to follow-up after emergency care and during 6-months of outpatient follow-up, and the associated variables, among adolescent sexual violence survivors. Methods This is a retrospective study with review of the medical records of 521 females, aged 10 to 18 years, who received emergency care in a referral service in São Paulo, Brazil. The variables were sociodemographic; personal history; characteristics of abuse, disclosure, and reactions triggered after abuse (physical and mental disorders as well as social changes), psychotropic prescription needs, and moment of abandonment: after emergency care and before completing 6 months of outpatient follow-up. To compare groups of patients lost to follow-up at each time point, we used the Chi-square and Fisher exact tests followed by multiple logistic regression with stepwise criterion for selection of associated variables. We calculated the odds ratio with confidence interval (OR, CI 95%). The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results A total of 249/521 (47.7%) adolescents discontinued follow-up, 184 (35.3%) after emergency care and 65 (12.4%) before completing outpatient follow-up. The variables of living with a partner (OR = 5.94 [CI 95%; 2.49-14.20]); not having a religion (OR = 2.38 [CI 95%;1.29-4.38)]), having a Catholic religion [OR = 2.11 (CI 95%; 1.17-3.78)]; and not disclosing the abuse [OR = 2.07 (CI 95%; 1.25-3.44)] were associated with loss to follow-up after emergency care. Not needing mental disorder care (OR = 2.72 [CI 95%; 1.36-5.46]) or social support (OR = 2.33 [CI 95%; 1.09-4.99]) were directly associated with loss to outpatient follow-up. Conclusion Measures to improve adherence to follow-up should be aimed at adolescents who live with a partner and those who do not tell anyone about the violence.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar a perda de seguimento de adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual após o atendimento de emergência, durante o seguimento ambulatorial e as variáveis associadas. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo com a revisão de prontuários de 521 mulheres de 10 a 18 anos, que buscaram atendimento de emergência em um serviço de referência em São Paulo, Brasil. As variáveis foram sociodemográficas; antecedentes pessoais; características do abuso, atitude de revelação e reações desencadeadas após o abuso (distúrbios físicos, mentais e mudanças sociais), necessidades de prescrição de psicotrópicos e momento do abandono: após atendimento de emergência e antes de completar 6 meses de seguimento ambulatorial. Para comparar os grupos de perda de seguimento em cada momento, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher, seguidos de regressão logística múltipla com critério stepwise para seleção das variáveis associadas. Calculamos a razão de probabilidade com intervalo de confiança (RP, IC 95%). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados Um total de 249 (47,7%) das adolescentes descontinuaram o acompanhamento, 184 (35.3%) após o atendimento de emergência e 65 (12.4%) antes de completar o seguimento ambulatorial. As variáveis de viver com companheiro [RP = 5,94 (IC 95%; 2,49-14,20]; não ter religião [RP = 2,38 (IC 95%;1,29-4,38)], ter religião católica [RP = 2,11 (IC 95%; 1,17-3,78)] e não revelar o abuso [RP = 2,07 (IC 95%; 1,25-3,44)] foram associadas à perda de seguimento após o atendimento de emergência. Não necessitar de cuidados de saúde mental (RP = 2,72 [IC 95%; 1,36-5,46]) ou apoio social (RP = 2,33 [IC 95%; 1,09-4,99]) foram as variáveis associadas à perda do seguimento ambulatorial. Conclusão Medidas para melhorar a adesão ao seguimento devem ser direcionadas às adolescentes que vivem com parceiro e às que não revelam a violência sofrida.

Estupro na primeira macrorregião do estado de Alagoas: resultados da pesquisa DVEAL, 2016-2018 / Rape in the first macro-region of the state of Alagoas: results from DVEAL survey, 2016-2018

Objetivos: apresentar resultados do eixo 2 do projeto Diagnóstico da Violência Fatal e Não Fatal no Estado de Alagoas (DVEAL). Neste artigo é comparado o padrão epidemiológico do estupro de crianças e adolescentes em relação aos adultos. Métodos: delineou-se uma investigação observacional e retrospectiva incluindo 380 registros de violência sexual no Instituto Médico Legal, entre 2016 e 2018. Por meio de regressão logística binária e múltipla calculou-se a chance de violência por faixa etária, associando os possíveis fatores relacionados. Resultados: metade das vítimas estupradas possuíam até 13 anos de idade, com média de 14 anos, e 9 em cada 10 casos eram de mulheres/meninas vitimadas. O padrão do estupro identificado foi de vítimas: em situação conjugal solteira; estudantes, abusadas por conhecidos; que realizaram exame pericial entre 1-7 dias; abusadas durante a madrugada; e em região genital. Cerca de 8 em cada 10 casos foram estupros confirmados pela perícia, o restante foi via relato oral. O modelo final identificou dois fatores mais associados à violência sexual em crianças/adolescentes. Conclusão: o padrão de vitimização sexual no estado impacta significativamente crianças e adolescentes e, principalmente, o gênero feminino

Aims: to present the results of axis 2 of the Diagnosis of Fatal and Non-Fatal Violence in the State of Alagoas (DVEAL) project. This article compares the epidemiological pattern of rape involving children/adolescents in relation to adults. Methods: an observational and retrospective investigation was designed, including 380 records of sexual violence at the Instituto Médico Legal, between 2016 and 2018. Through binary and multiple logistic regression, the chance of violence by age group was calculated, associating the possible related factors. Results: half of the raped victims were up to 13 years old, with an average of 14 years old, and 9 out of 10 cases were victimized women/girls. The pattern of rape identified was of victims: single marital status; students, abused by acquaintances; who underwent an expert examination between 1-7 days; abused during the dawn; and in the genital region. About 8 out of 10 cases were rapes confirmed by forensics, the rest were via oral report. The final model identified two factors most associated with sexual violence in children/adolescents. Conclusions: the pattern of sexual victimization in the state significantly impacts children and adolescents, especially the female gender

Violência sexual e saúde mental de universitários: uma sistematização da literatura brasileira / Sexual violence and mental health of college students: a systematic review of Brazilian literature / Violencia sexual y salud mental de universitarios: una sistematización de la literatura brasileña

A presença da violência sexual nas universidades tem afetado diferentes esferas da vida de estudantes, inclusive a saúde mental. O artigo teve como objetivo investigar e categorizar os efeitos da violência sexual sobre a saúde mental de alunos/as, bem como identificar possíveis estratégias para lidar com o problema. Foi realizada uma sistematização da literatura brasileira dos últimos dez anos. Identificou-se que grande parte dos textos define a violência como um fenômeno sociocultural, e alguns explicam a violência a partir de definições jurídicas. Além disso, constatou-se que a violência sexual produz efeitos prejudiciais de ordem psicológica, física, acadêmica e inter-pessoal. Sobre as ações de enfrentamento, foi verificado que a maioria das intervenções mencionadas é remediativa. Por já estar instaladas e apresentar efeitos prejudiciais aos estudantes, as estratégias remediativas são necessárias para lidar com os problemas gerados na saúde mental das vítimas. No entanto, como a violência sexual foi considerada majoritariamente um fenômeno de natureza sociocultural, intervenções preventivas também são requeridas para que os determinantes responsáveis pela violência sexual sejam modificados. (AU)

The presence of sexual violence in universities has affected different spheres of students' lives, including their mental health. This paper aims to investigate and categorize the effects of sexual violence on the mental health of students and identify possible strategies for dealing with this problem. A systematic review of Brazilian literature from the past ten years was carried out. It was found that a large part of the texts defines violence as a sociocultural phenomenon, and some explain violence from legal definitions. In addition, it was found that sexual violence produces detrimental effects of a psychological, physical, academic, and interpersonal nature. As for the coping actions, it was found that most of the interventions mentioned are remedial. Because this type of violence is already installed and presents detrimental effects to students, reme-dial strategies are necessary to deal with the problems generated in the mental health of victims. However, as sexual violence was considered predominantly a sociocultural phenomenon, preventive interventions are also required so that the determinants responsible for sexual violence can be modified. (AU)

La presencia de la violencia sexual en las universidades ha afectado a diferentes ámbitos de la vida estudiantil, incluida la salud mental. El artículo tuvo como objetivo investigar y categorizar los efectos de la violencia sexual sobre la salud mental de los/las alumnos/as, así como identificar posibles estrategias para hacer frente al problema. Se realizó una sistematización de la literatura brasi-leña de los últimos diez años. Se identificó que la mayoría de los textos definen la violencia como un fenómeno sociocultural y algunos explican la violencia a partir de definiciones legales. Además, se ha constatado que la violencia sexual produce efectos perjudiciales de orden psicológico, físico, académico e interpersonal. Sobre las acciones de enfrentamiento, la mayoría son interven-ciones de remediación. Debido a los efectos nocivos de la violencia sexual en los estudiantes, son necesarias estrategias de remediación para hacer frente a los diversos problemas que se generan en la salud mental de las víctimas. Sin embargo, como la violencia sexual fue considerada mayoritariamente un fenómeno de carácter sociocultural, también se requieren intervenciones preventivas para que se modifiquen los determinantes responsables de la violencia sexual. (AU)

Violencia sexual en un municipio de Colombia: características de las víctimas y de sus victimarios, 2011-2020 / Sexual violence in a Colombian municipality: Victims' and offenders' characteristics, 2011-2020

Introducción. La violencia sexual es un problema de salud pública inscrito en las agendas sociales y políticas a nivel global. Representa una urgencia médica que se atiende en los servicios de salud, lo que los convierte en la principal fuente de su registro en los sistemas de vigilancia en salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar las características sociodemográficas de las víctimas de violencia sexual y de sus victimarios en el municipio de Envigado, Antioquia, entre el 2011 y el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal descriptivo a partir de todos los registros de violencia sexual notificados en el Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de la violencia de género e intrafamiliar de Envigado (código de ficha INS-875), durante el periodo 2011-2020. Resultados. Se registraron 807 casos de violencia sexual entre 2011 y 2020; el 62,0 % correspondió a casos de abuso sexual a personas menores de 18 años; el 82,3 % de las víctimas estaba constituido por mujeres adolescentes agredidas por familiares; los principales agresores fueron hombres (99,1 %), con una mediana de edad 26 años. Conclusión. La violencia sexual es un problema en aumento; en el 2020, año del confinamiento poblacional por la Covid-19, las tasas en mujeres y durante la primera infancia, la adolescencia y la juventud, fueron las más altas del periodo de estudio.

Introduction: Sexual violence is a public health problem included in political and social agendas worldwide. It is a medical emergency seen in health services, which are the main source of record-keeping by means of public health surveillance systems. Objective: To analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of victims of sex offenses and their offenders in the municipality of Envigado, Antioquia, between 2011 and 2020. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that analyzed all the sexual violence records reported in the Envigado Public Health Surveillance System for gender and intrafamilial violence (file code INS-875) during the 2011-2020 period. Results: A total of 807 cases of sexual violence were recorded between 2011 and 2020; 62.0% were cases of sexual abuse against persons under 18 years of age, and 82.3% of the victims were adolescent women suffering sexual violence exerted by relatives. The main aggressors were men (99.1%) with a median age of 26 years. Conclusion: Sexual violence has increased over time and in 2020, the year of population confinement due to COVID-19, the rates in women and in the life courses of early childhood, adolescence, and youth were the highest during the study period.

DESTRUCTIVE DESIGN OF THE PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PORTRAIT AND THE IMMORALITY OF THE ACTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN MILITARY ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE

The article re?ects aspects of the destructive design of the psycho-physiological portrait of the soldiers- occupiers who committed acts of violence and rape of women and children in the occupied territories of Ukraine. We believe that this problem is relevant and requires comprehensive coverage and research by modern philosophers, historians and sociologists. It is shown that during the war, the military has two kinds of feelings. The ?rst are the highest patriotic feelings and human qualities that help to endure the hardships of wartime. The second feelings are the lowest, immoral, inhuman qualities of a person. The article attempts to understand why this happens. Pushing Russian soldiers during the ?ghting to go beyond morality and commit crimes against civilians. The purpose of this article is to analyze the destructive processes that destroy the humanity and morality of a person, and in the course of hostilities lead to a state of complete devaluation of the life of the civilian population in the occupied territories. The attention is focused on the rape of women and children by the Russian military in the occupied territories of Ukraine. The immorality of the behavior of the Russian military in relation to the civilian population and a number of destructive processes that affect the worldview of the soldier-occupier of the Russian Federation is shown. The testimonies of women who survived the horrors of violence and revelry of Putin's soldiers and managed to escape are given. The conclusions drawn made it possible to highlight aspects of the destructive design of the psycho-physiological portrait of the occupying soldiers who committed acts of rape of women and children, and it was proved that the army, which does not have moral standards, commits crimes against the civilian population, because it understands that it can avoid this punishment. Scienti?c novelty consists in determining the aspects of destructive processes that affect the worldview of the occupying warrior from the Russian Federation.

Effects of Age and Genotype on Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and Fiber Contents in Brassica napus

Rape (Brassica napus) is one of the major vegetables grown in Zambia and is an important source of nutrients in human diet. Vitamin C is an essential antioxidant molecule while fiber on the other hand plays a key role in mitigating constipation. However, the effects of rape genotype and the vegetative maturity (age) on nutrient content on vitamin C and fiber is not clearly understood. The objectives of the study were therefore, to; i) to evaluate the effects of age on vitamin C and fiber nutrient content in rape leaves and ii) evaluate the genotypic effect of rape leaves on vitamin C and fiber contents. The experiment was conducted Munachoonga farm, in Monze district, Zambia (16 o 16’ 45’’ S; 27o 28’25’’ E) during the 2020/ 2021 cropping season. The experiment was laid as a split plot design with three replications. Soil fertilizer amendments were the main plot while variety (genotype) as a subplot. Data was collected at 6 and 10 weeks old after transplanting. However, for each treatment, a representative sample was collected by thoroughly mixing all three associated reps and obtaining a representative leaf sample giving 18 experimental units. The dried samples were taken to the University of Zambia Lab for analysis. The results showed that the mean fiber content was higher at week 10 than week 6 (P< 0.001), while vitamin C was higher at week 6 than week 10 (P= 0.05). Implying that younger leaves are likely to supply a higher content of vitamin C than older leaves. The lesser content of fiber at younger stage of rape explains why most consumers found rape more palatable at a younger stage. It was also revealed that vitamin C and fiber nutrient contents did not depend on the type of genotype. Furthermore, a study to evaluate the precise effects of fertilizer amendment on vitamin C and fiber contents should be undertaken.

The association between victim-offender relationship and the age of children and adolescents who suffer sexual violence: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Objectives: Sexual violence is a problem that affects children and adolescents regardless of social class, age, origin, religion, education level, marital status, race, or sexual orientation. This study aimed to analyze the associations between victim-offender relationships and the victim's age in cases of sexual violence involving female victims. Methods: This cross-sectional, retrospective observational study used data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Department of Public Health Surveillance in Brasília regarding the reportable crime of rape as informed by female victims in the Federal District between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. The age of the victim was classified as <15 years or 15-19 years. The offenders were classified into eight different categories according to their relationship with the victim: father, stepfather, brother, husband, boyfriend, friend, stranger, and others. The association between the victim-offender relationship and the victim's age was assessed. Results: Overall, there were 4,617 reported cases of sexual violence, with 78.3% of these (n = 3614) corresponding to children under 15 and 21.7% to adolescents 15-19 years old (n = 1003). Close relatives, including brothers, and friends were the main perpetrators in cases of girls < 15 years old. Strangers and friends were the principal perpetrators in the group of girls 15-19 years old. Conclusions: Children under 15 are the group most affected by sexual violence. Strategies must be developed to prevent the sexual abuse of children and adolescents and to facilitate the rehabilitation of victimized children.

Assistance to Victims of Sexual Violence in a Referral Service: A 10-Year Experience / Assistência a vítimas de violência sexual em um serviço de referência: Uma experiência de 10 Anos

Abstract Objective To evaluate the assistance provided to women victims of sexual violence and their participation in the follow-up treatment after the traumatic event, presenting a sociodemographic profile, gynecological background, and circumstances of the event, and reporting the results, acceptance, and side effects of prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort study comprising the period between 2007 and 2016. All women receiving medical care and clinical follow-up after a severe episode of sexual violence were included. Records of domestic violence, male victims, children, and adolescents who reported consensual sexual activity were excluded. The present study included descriptive statistics as frequencies and percentages. Results A total of 867medical records were reviewed and 444 cases of sexual violence were included. The age of the victims ranged from10 to 77 years old, most of them selfdeclared white, with between 4 and 8 years of education, and denying having a sexual partner. Sexual violence occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Most victims were assisted at the referral service center within 72 hours after the violence, enabling the recommended prophylaxis. There was high acceptance of antiretroviral therapy (ART), although half of the users reported side effects. Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or to hepatitis B virus (HBV) was not detected in women undergoing prophylaxis. Conclusion In the present cohort, the profile of victims of sexual violence was loweducated, young, white women. The traumatic event occurred predominantly at night, on public thoroughfare, being committed by an unknown offender. Assistance within the first 72 hours after sexual violence enables the healthcare center to provide prophylactic interventions against STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a assistência prestada às mulheres vítimas de violência sexual e seu acompanhamento após o evento traumático, caracterizando o perfil sociodemográfico, antecedentes ginecológicos e circunstâncias do evento, além de relatar a aceitação e os efeitos colaterais da profilaxia para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) e a ocorrência de gravidez resultante da violência sexual. Métodos Estudo de coorte retrospectivo compreendendo o período entre 2007 e 2016. Foram incluídas todas as mulheres em acompanhamento médico e clínico após episódio de violência sexual. Foram excluídos registros de violência doméstica, vítimas do sexo masculino e crianças e adolescentes que relataram atividade sexual consensual. O estudo incluiu estatísticas descritivas, com frequências e percentuais. Resultados Foram revisados 867 prontuários e 444 casos de violência sexual foram incluídos. A faixa etária foi 10 a 77 anos; a maioria das vítimas se autodeclarou branca, com entre 4 e 8 anos de escolaridade, e negou ter um parceiro sexual fixo. A violência sexual ocorreu predominantemente à noite, em via pública, por um agressor desconhecido. A maioria foi atendida no serviço de referência em até 72 horas após a violência, possibilitando profilaxias preconizadas. Houve alta aceitação da terapia antirretroviral (TARV), embora metade das usuárias relatasse efeitos colaterais. A soroconversão para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV, na sigla em inglês) ou para o vírus da hepatite B (HBV, na sigla em inglês) não foi detectada entre as vítimas. Conclusão Nesta coorte, o perfil das vítimas de violência sexual foi de mulheres brancas, de baixa escolaridade, e jovens. O evento traumático ocorreu predominantemente à noite, em via pública, por um agressor desconhecido. A assistência nas primeiras 72 horas após a violência sexual permite que o serviço de saúde realize intervenções profiláticas contra ISTs e gravidez indesejada.

Mulheres vítimas de violência sexual: rotas críticas na busca do direito ao aborto legal / Mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual: rutas críticas en la búsqueda del derecho al aborto legal / Women victims of sexual violence: critical paths in the search for the right to legal abortion

O aborto legal nos casos de gravidez resultante de estupro é previsto no Brasil desde 1940. No entanto, o acesso a esse direito ainda é muito restrito, havendo inúmeras barreiras que dificultam o acesso das mulheres aos serviços de referência que realizam o procedimento. Este artigo discute a trajetória das mulheres que realizaram aborto por estupro entre 2000 e 2018 em um hospital público de referência na cidade de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, documental e retrospectivo, que utilizou o conceito das Rotas Críticas para compreender as dificuldades enfrentadas, as decisões tomadas diante da violência sexual e da descoberta da gravidez e as consequências oriundas dessa situação. Os dados foram coletados dos prontuários clínicos das mulheres, totalizando 127 casos. A partir da análise de conteúdo, foram traçadas três categorias que se inter-relacionam, sendo ordenadas de modo a explicitar a sequência de fatos, ações e intercorrências na vida das mulheres, de acordo com a dinâmica das rotas críticas produzidas: entre o segredo da violência e o silenciamento do direito; o adoecimento psíquico e a desorganização social; fluxos institucionais: validação da palavra e objeção de consciência. Percebeu-se que existe um silenciamento diante da violência sexual, sendo que a realização do aborto legal se mostrou um problema invisibilizado e cercado de estigmas. A desorganização psicossocial decorrente da violência foi agravada pela desinformação, pela precariedade das redes de atendimento e pela objeção de consciência dos profissionais.

Se admite el aborto legal en casos de embarazo resultante de violación en Brasil desde 1940. Sin embargo, el acceso a este derecho sigue siendo muy restringido, con muchas barreras que dificultan el acceso de las mujeres a los servicios de referencia que realizan el procedimiento. Este artículo discute la trayectoria de las mujeres que tuvieron abortos por violación entre 2000 y 2018 en un hospital público de referencia en la ciudad de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, documental y retrospectivo, que utilizó el concepto de Rutas Críticas para comprender las dificultades enfrentadas, las decisiones que se adoptaron ante la violencia sexual, el descubrimiento del embarazo y las consecuencias derivadas de esta situación. Se recogieron datos de los historiales clínicos de las mujeres, con un total de 127 casos. A partir del análisis de contenido, se delinearon tres categorías que se interrelacionan, ordenándose para explicar la secuencia de hechos, acciones y complicaciones en la vida de las mujeres, de acuerdo con la dinámica de las rutas críticas: entre el secretismo de la violencia y el silenciamiento de la ley; la enfermedad psíquica y la desorganización social; y los flujos institucionales: validación de la palabra y objeción de conciencia. Se notó que hay un silenciamiento frente a la violencia sexual, y la realización del aborto legal demostró ser un problema invisibilizado y rodeado de estigmas. La desorganización psicosocial derivada de la violencia se agravó por la desinformación, las redes de atención precarias y la objeción de conciencia de los profesionales.

Legal abortion in cases of pregnancy resulting from rape has been provided for in Brazil since 1940. However, access to this right is still very restricted, and there are numerous barriers that hinder women's access to referral services that perform the procedure. This article discusses the trajectory of women who had an abortion due to rape from 2000 to 2018 at a public referral hospital in the city of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). This is a qualitative, documentary, and retrospective study that used the concept of Critical Paths to understand the difficulties encountered by the women, the decisions made in the face of sexual violence and the discovery of pregnancy, as well as, the consequences resulting from this situation. Data were collected from women's medical records, totaling 127 cases. Based on the content analysis, three interrelated categories were identified and subsequently ordered to explain the sequence of facts, actions, and complications in women's lives, according to the dynamics of the critical paths produced: Between the secrecy of violence and the silencing of rights; Psychological illness and social disorganization; Institutional flows: validation of the word and conscientious objection. We noticed that there is a silencing in the face of sexual violence, and the performance of legal abortion proved to be an invisible problem surrounded by stigmas. The psychosocial disorganization resulting from violence was aggravated by misinformation, the precariousness of the service networks, and the professionals' conscientious objection.

Effect of rape flower on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats

We were carried out to investigate the efficacy of Rape (Rapeseed, Brassica napus L.) flower on BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) in rats. We found that the extract from Rape flower prevented hyperplasia in testosterone-induced BPH model, the relevant animal model of human BPH. Extract reduced the weight of prostate and induced significantly cell apoptosis in prostate in BPH model. In addition, the extract controlled expression of TGF-ß1 in prostate gland and promoted urinary output in dose-dependence in BPH model. Our data provide that Rape flower may be useful for treatment of BPH

Tasa de fecundidad infantil y la paulatina no declaración de los progenitores en Costa Rica (2000-2019) / Infant fertility rate and the gradual non-declaration of parents in Costa Rica (2000-2019)

Resumen Introducción: la maternidad infantil debe evidenciarse por su propia naturalización social como producto de violaciones. Es relevante su estudio luego de aprobadas algunas leyes que buscan evitarla. Objetivo: analizar el comportamiento de la tasa de fecundidad en niñas entre 10 y 14 años en Costa Rica (2000-2019) y la edad de los perpetradores o «padres» en el marco de los aparatos ideológicos de Estado, desigualdad social y dentro de un contexto social conservador. Método: la información se extrajo de las bases de datos en línea del Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. El abordaje es cuantitativo, con un estudio correlacional y no experimental de la población descrita en todo el país y en áreas geográficas pequeñas. Resultados: la fecundidad infantil ha disminuido entre los años 2000 y 2019. La edad estimada de embarazo es cuando se cumplen los 13 años. Se detectaron áreas geográficas con mayores niveles de fecundidad dentro y fuera del Gran Área Metropolitana. Se evidenció estadísticamente que algunas leyes han contribuido al aumento considerable de perpetradores no declarados luego de 2016. Todo esto fue validado por instituciones religiosas y los medios de comunicación lo pregonaron como positivo, a pesar de la jurisprudencia nacional e internacional. Conclusiones: esta información es trascendental para orientar las políticas públicas educativas y de salud desde el primer nivel de atención, con miras a promover los derechos reproductivos de las niñas.

Abstract Introduction: Child motherhood must be evidenced by the naturalization of this social fact itself, since it is the product of rape. The study of this phenomenon is relevant after the approval of some laws that seek to prevent it. Objective: to analyze of the fertility rate in girls between the ages 10 and 14 in Costa Rica (2000-2019) the age of the perpetrators or "parents" within the framework of ideological State apparatuses, social inequality, and a conservative social context. Method: The information was processed from the online databases of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. The approach is quantitative, with a correlational and non-experimental study of the population of girls between 10 and 14 years of age throughout the country, as well as for small geographic areas. Results: Infant fertility has decreased between 2000 and 2019. The estimated age of pregnancy is at the age of 13. Geographical areas with higher fertility levels are detected, inside and outside the Metropolitan Area. It is statistically evidenced that these have contributed to the increase in undeclared perpetrators considerably after 2016. All this is validated by religious institutions and the media proclaim as positive, despite national and international jurisprudence. Conclusions: This information is essential to guide public educational and health promotion policies from the first level of care, which promote the reproductive rights of girls.

A instável verdade nos testemunhos sobre estupros na seção 'Eu, leitora' da revista Marie Claire / The unstable truth in the testimonies about rapes in the 'Eu, leitora' section of Marie Claire magazine / La inestable verdad en los testimonios sobre violaciones en la sección de 'Eu, leitora' de la revista Marie Claire

Neste artigo, investigamos os modos como o jornalismo enquadra narrativas testemunhais de estupro publicadas na última década na seção 'Eu, leitora' da revista Marie Claire brasileira. A partir de uma análise textual narrativa, cotejada com estudos de trauma e testemunho e com estudos feministas, buscamos problematizar a maneira como o jornalismo lida com o testemunho. Dialogamos com o conceito de fait divers e sua presença no jornalismo dito feminino para compreender os modos como Marie Claire enquadra esses relatos. Concluímos que a revista opera ambiguamente em relação à verdade testemunhal das feridas traumáticas dessas mulheres, ao mesmo tempo se aproximando e se afastando delas, por meio de estratégias narrativas e editoriais.

In this article, we investigate how the journalism frames narratives of testimonies about rapes published in the last decade in the 'Eu, leitora' section of the Brazilian Marie Claire magazine. By means of a narrative textual analysis, compared with testimony and trauma studies as well as feminist studies, we seek to problematize the way journalism deals with testimony. We dialogue with the concept of fait divers and its presence in so-called female journalism to understand how Marie Claire frames these reports. We conclude that the magazine operates ambiguously with regard to the testimony truth of the traumatic wounds of these women, at the same time approaching and moving away from them, through narrative and editorial strategies.

En este artículo investigamos cómo el periodismo encuadra las narrativas testimoniales de violación publicadas en la última década en la sección de 'Eu, leitora' de la revista brasileña Marie Claire. A partir de un análisis textual narrativa, comparado con estudios del trauma y del testimonio y con estudios feministas, buscamos problematizar la forma cómo el periodismo aborda el testimonio. Dialogamos con el concepto de fait divers y su presencia en el llamado periodismo femenino para entender las formas cómo Marie Claire enmarca esas narraciones. Concluimos que la revista opera de manera ambigua con relación a la verdad testimonial de las heridas traumáticas de esas mujeres, al mismo tiempo acercándose y alejándose de ellas, a través de estrategias narrativas y editoriales.

A cultura do estupro na ficção seriada: os mitos representacionais no seriado Justiça / The rape culture in serial fiction: the representational myths in the series Justiça / La cultura de la violación en la ficción seriada: los mitos de representación en la serie Justiça

Este artigo se propõe a analisar a representação e repercussão do estupro na minissérie brasileira Justiça (2016), produzida e exibida pela Rede Globo e de autoria de Manuela Dias. O artigo discute o papel que a representação tem na construção do imaginário coletivo em relação a esse crime, abordando a noção de cultura do estupro, o modo como o crime de estupro é representado na mídia, bem como os mitos perpetuados pelas abordagens feitas. A presente pesquisa apresenta então três momentos de análise: 1) análise da representação do estupro na série; 2) análise da repercussão de tal representação; 3) análise da presença ou ausência dos chamados mitos da cultura do estupro na trama de Justiça.

This article aims to analyze the representation and repercussion of rape in the Brazilian miniseries Justiça (2016), produced and aired by Rede Globo and written by Manuela Dias. The article discusses the role that representation plays in the construction of the collective imagination concerning this crime, addressing the notion of rape culture, the way this crime is represented in the media, as well as the myths perpetuated by the approaches made. This research then presents three moments of analysis: 1) analysis of the representation of rape in the series; 2) analysis of the repercussion of such representation; 3) analyzes the presence or absence of the so-called myths of the culture of rape in the plot of Justiça.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la representación y repercusión de la violación en la miniserie brasileña Justiça (2016), producida y televisada por Rede Globo y escrita por Manuela Dias. El artículo discute el papel que juega la representación en la construcción del imaginario colectivo en relación a este delito, abordando la noción de cultura de la violación, la forma en que el delito de violación es representado en los medios de comunicación, así como los mitos perpetuados por los enfoques adoptados. A continuación, la presente investigación presenta tres momentos de análisis: 1) análisis de la representación de la violación en la serie; 2) análisis de la repercusión de dicha representación; 3) análisis de la presencia o ausencia de los llamados mitos de la cultura de la violación en la trama de Justiça.

Mitos de violación, creencias que justifican la violencia sexual: una revisión sistemática / Rape myths, beliefs that justify sexual violence: a systematic review / Mitos do estupro, crenças que justificam a violência sexual: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen En investigación social existe una importante línea de estudios que intentan comprender el fenómeno de la violencia sexual. Un constructo que ha centrado el interés de no pocos investigadores corresponde al de "mitos de violación". Este concepto agrupa creencias erróneas respecto a la atribución de culpabilidad del agresor y la responsabilidad de la víctima en caso de violación sexual. El objetivo del presente artículo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios empíricos que reportan evidencia acerca de la relación entre la aceptación de mitos de violación y variables psicosociales. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost y JSTOR. Se seleccionaron estudios empíricos en español e inglés publicados entre los años 2009 y 2019. Se encontraron 96 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección. Dentro de los resultados el 63,4 % de las investigaciones se desarrollaron en Estados Unidos, 24,7 % en países de Europa y solo 1 % en América Latina. Los hallazgos muestran que los hombres son los que mantienen mayores niveles de aceptación de los mitos de violación en la mayoría de los estudios. Además, se encontraron relaciones con variables como violencia interpersonal y violencia sexual, rasgos de personalidad, variables ideológicas, psicosociales, sexuales y de género. Finalmente se discute sus implicancias y limitaciones.

Abstract In social research, there is an important line of studies that try to understand the phenomenon of sexual violence. A construct that has focused the interest of not a few researchers corresponds to that of "rape myths". This concept brings together a set of erroneous beliefs regarding the attribution of guilt of the aggressor and the responsibility of the victim in case of rape. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of empirical studies that have reported evidence about the relationship between the acceptance of rape myths and psychosocial variables. The databases consulted were, ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. We selected empirical studies in Spanish and English that have been published between 2009 and 2019. We found 96 articles that met the selection criteria. Within the results, 63.4% of the studies have been developed in the United States, 24.7% in European countries and only one in Latin America (1.0%). The findings show that men maintain the highest levels of acceptance of rape myths in most studies. In addition, relationships have been found with variables such as interpersonal violence and sexual violence, personality traits, ideological, psychosocial, sexual and gender variables. Finally, its implications and limitations are discussed.

Resumo Na pesquisa social, há uma importante linha de estudos que tentam entender o fenômeno da violência sexual. Uma construção que tem focado o interesse de poucos pesquisadores corresponde à de "mitos do estupro". Esse conceito reúne um conjunto de crenças errôneas sobre a atribuição de culpa do agressor e a responsabilidade da vítima em caso de estupro. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos empíricos que relataram evidências sobre a relação entre a aceitação de mitos de estupro e variáveis psicossociais. As bases de dados consultadas foram: ProQuest, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, EBSCOhost, JSTOR. Selecionamos estudos empíricos em espanhol e inglês que foram publicados entre 2009 e 2019. Encontramos 96 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Dentro dos resultados, 63,4% dos estudos foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos, 24,7% em países europeus e apenas um na América Latina (1,0%). Os achados mostram que os homens mantêm os mais altos níveis de aceitação dos mitos do estupro na maioria dos estudos. Além disso, têm sido encontradas relações com variáveis como violência interpessoal e violência sexual, traços de personalidade, variáveis ideológicas, psicossociais, sexuais e de gênero. Finalmente, suas implicações e limitações são discutidas.

Bastidores da reportagem sobre assédios sexuais que gerou o movimento #MeToo: reflexões sobre o jornalismo com perspectiva de gênero / Behind the scenes of the sexual harassment report that spawned the #MeToo movement: reflections on the journalism from a gender perspective / Bastidores del reportaje sobre acosos sexuales que generó el movimiento #MeToo: reflexiones sobre el periodismo desde una perspectiva de género

Este artigo realiza aproximações conceituais da epistemologia feminista, considerando a teoria crítica do jornalismo como forma de conhecimento social, com o objetivo de discutir a importância da perspectiva de gênero em reportagens sobre a cultura do estupro. Como corpus de análise, selecionamos o livro-reportagem Ela Disse: os bastidores da reportagem que impulsionou o #MeToo, que retrata a produção das notícias do New York Times sobre abusos sexuais contra atrizes e funcionárias da indústria cinematográfica de Hollywood. Sistematizamos as teorias levantadas para apontar parâmetros do jornalismo com perspectiva feminista. Definimos, como aspectos e categorias de análise das reportagens, a contextualização, os desafios e estratégias de apuração da violência de gênero e cultura do estupro como formas de organização social e questões de saúde pública. Como resultados, reforçamos a necessidade da abordagem feminista no jornalismo para gerar a reflexão pela sociedade, o enfrentamento da violência e da desigualdade de gênero.

This article deals with conceptual approaches of feminist epistemology, bearing in mind the critical theory of journalism as a form of social knowledge, aiming to discuss the importance of the gender perspective in reports on the rape culture. As a corpus of analysis, we selected a book written by two investigative reporters, She said: breaking the sexual harassment story that helped ignite a movement, which portrays the New York Times production of news regarding sexual abuse and harassment of actresses and women employees by their bosses in Hollywood film industry. We have systematized the theories raised to point out parameters of journalism with a feminist perspective. We defined, as aspects and categories of analysis of the reports, the contextualization, challenges and strategies for investigating gender violence and rape culture as forms of social organization and public health issues. As a result of the study, we reinforce the need for a feminist approach in journalism to generate a reflection on these problems by society, and to confront the gender violence and inequality.

Este artículo realiza aproximaciones conceptuales de la epistemología feminista, teniendo em cuenta la teoría crítica del periodismo como forma de conocimiento social, con el objetivo de discutir la importancia de la perspectiva de género en los reportajes sobre la cultura de la violación. Como corpus de análisis, seleccionamos el libro-reportaje Ela disse: os bastidores da reportagem que impulsionou o #MeToo [Ella ha dicho: los bastidores del reportaje que ha impulsionado el movimiento #MeToo], que retrata la producción de noticias del New York Times sobre acosos sexuales sufridos por actrices y empleadas de la industria cinematográfica de Hollywood. Hemos sistematizado las teorías planteadas para señalar parámetros del periodismo con una perspectiva feminista. Definimos, como aspectos y categorías de análisis de los reportajes, la contextualización, los desafíos y algunas estrategias de investigación de la violencia de género y la cultura de la violación como formas de organización social y cuestiones de salud pública. Como resultado, reforzamos la necesidad de un enfoque feminista en el periodismo para generar reflexión por la sociedad, y más el enfrentamiento de la violencia y de la desigualdad de género.

Dilemas clínicos en la constitución de la tercera causal de la interrupción voluntaria del embarazo / Clinical dilemmas derived from the need to certify rape for voluntary pregnancy interruption

Since 2017, women in Chile are allowed to interrupt voluntarily a pregnancy on three grounds: 1) When a woman's life is at risk due to the pregnancy, 2) When there are fetal anomalies incompatible with life, or 3) When pregnancy is result of rape. Women who qualify for any of these three pregnancy interruption requirements are entitled to a psychosocial accompaniment program to promote an integrative approach. In this article we will discuss the role of the psychosocial team in cases of rape resulting pregnancy. Specifically, the clinical and ethical dilemmas posed by the need to certify the rape in a general hospital such as difficulties in assessment of the story's plausibility, clinician's dual role and the limits to confidentiality, are discussed.

Sexual violence against women in the Western Amazon / Violência sexual em mulheres na Amazônia Ocidental

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To characterize sexual violence cases suffered by women notified by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Information System for Notifiable Diseases) in the city of Rio Branco (AC - Brazil) from 2011 to 2016. METHODS: Descriptive study based on information from the Notifiable Diseases Information System. The study population consisted on women victims of sexual violence reported in the city of Rio Branco (AC), from 2011 to 2016. RESULTS: The results show a higher number of notifications during 2012, especially among single, brown, and aged between 10 and 14 years victims; usually they have 5 to 8 years of schooling. Normally violence occurred in residences and by a single aggressor, male and non-alcoholic. DISCUSSION: The large number of notifications of pregnant women aged 10 to 14 years corresponds to the compulsory notification of rape of a vulnerable person, identified at the time of prenatal care or childbirth. CONCLUSION: We confirm the susceptibility to sexual violence of young women in Rio Branco, raising the issue of child marriage and teenage pregnancy.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os casos de violência sexual sofridos por mulheres notificadas pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação no município de Rio Branco (AC) no período de 2011 a 2016. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo com base nas informações do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. A população do estudo foi constituída por mulheres vítimas de violência sexual notificadas no município de Rio Branco (AC), de 2011 a 2016. RESULTADOS: Os resultados da investigação apresentam maior número de notificação durante o ano de 2012, se destacando entre as vítimas aquelas com idade entre 10 e 14 anos, solteiras, pardas e com 5 a 8 anos de formação educacional. O local de ocorrência mais notificado foi a residência, predominando agressor único, do sexo masculino e não alcoolizado. DISCUSSÃO: O grande número de notificações de gestantes na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos corresponde à notificação compulsória do estupro de vulnerável, identificado no momento de realização do pré-natal ou parto. CONCLUSÃO: Confirmou-se a suscetibilidade à violência sexual de mulheres jovens de Rio Branco, levantando a problemática do casamento infantil e da gravidez na adolescência.